mqia;ld, Wmfhdacl wOHdmkfhys jeo.;alu iy tys uE;ld,Sk
m%jK;d
jhs'tA'ksYdka; hdmd wfíj¾Ok
iyldr lÓldpd¾h" mqia;ld, yd ú{dmk
úoHd wOHhkdxYh
le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
idrdxYh
mqia;ld,h hkq iEu wxYhlskau l%ñlj úldYkh jQ wdh;khls' w;S;fha fmd;a
.nvdjla f,i mej;s mqia;ld,h j¾;udkh jkúg úYd, jQ iudc fufyjrl ksr; fõ'
mqia;ld,fha we;s f;dr;=re uQ,dY% Ndú;fhka Wmfhdaclhdg Wmßu fiajhla bgqlsÍu
j¾;udk mqia;ld, jD;a;slhkaf.a wNsm%dh jk w;r Tjqka ta i|yd úúO l%u Wmfhda.Slr
.kS' Wmfhdacl wOHdmkh fï w;ßka m%Odk l%shdj,shls' mqia;ld,fha we;s iïm;a j,ska
Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSug Wmfhdaclhd oekqj;a lsÍu Wmfhdacl wOHdmkfha wruqK fõ' Wmfhdacl
wOHdmkh i|yd idïm%odhslj úúO l%u Wmfhda.Slr .;a;o" j¾;udkfha iEu
lafIa;%hla i|yd fukau mqia;ld, i|ydo mß.Kl ;dCIKfha iy kj bf,lafg%dksl
udOHhkaf.a n,mEu t,a,ù we;' tA wkqj hñka Wmfhdacl wOHdmkh fjkqfjkao fuu kj
;dCIKh Ndú; lrñka úúO l%u uE; ld,Skj ìysùula olakg ,efí' idïm%odhsl l%uhkag idfmaCIj hym;a ,CIK fndfyduhlska
fuu kj Wmfhdacl wOHdmk l%u iukaú; jqj;a tys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h úúO mqia;ld,hkag
wkqj fjkia fõ'
fhduq mo ( User Education, Library Orientation, Library Users, Orientation Systems, Library Services
ye|skaùu
mqia;ld, hkq ck;dj fj; úYd,jQ fiajhla imhk wdh;khls' kuq;a mqia;ld,hlska
Wmßu m%fhdack ,nd.ekSug mqia;ld, Ndú; lrkakd fyj;a Wmfhdaclhdg we;s oekqu
w,amh' ld,dkqrEmSj úúO f;dr;=re uQ,dY% úúO udOHhkaf.ka ìysùu we;=¿ fndfyda
lreKq thg fya;=fõ' fïksid" Wmfhdaclhkag mqia;ld,fha we;s iïm;aj,ska Wmßu
m%fhdackh ,nd.ekSu Wfoid Wmfhdacl wOHdmkh kue;s l%shdj,shla mqia;ld,j, l%shd;aul fõ' fuh úúO
l%uj,ska hqla;h' idïm%odhsl yd uE;ld,Skj ìysjQ úúO Wmfhdacl wOHdmk l%u
ms<sn|j;a" iuia:hla f,i .;al, Wmfhdacl wOHdmkh" Wmfhdaclhkag fukau
mqia;ld,j,go jeo.;ajk wdldrh ms<sn|j;a fuu ,smsh ;=< idlÉPd flf¾'
mqia;ld, hkq §¾> b;sydihla iys; wdh;k
úfYaIhls'
f;dr;=re
uQ,dY% jYfhka ueá mqjre ;ekam;alr ;snQ weisßhdkq mqia;ld,fha isg j¾;udkfha ud¾..;
(Online)
f;dr;=re we;=,;a mqia;ld,h olajd
th l%ñl úldYkhlg ,lafjñka meñK we;' w;S;fha fmd;a fyda fjk;a m%d:ñl
f;dr;=re uQ,dY% .nvdlr" wdrlaId lr.kakd ,o ia:dkhla f,i ye|skajQ mqia;ld,hg
j¾;udkfha ,efnk ks¾jpkh yd;amiskau fjkia jQjls' fjíiag¾ ud¾..;
YíofldaIhg wkqj mqia;ld,h hkq idys;Huh" ix.S;uh" l,d;aul fydA
fmd;a" w;a msgm;a" jd¾;d fyda Ñ;%mg we;=,;a úu¾Ik uQ,dY%"
úlsKSfï wruqKska f;drj Ndú;h i|yd muKla we;s ia:dkhls (Merriam
Webster Online Dictionary,2011).
ì%geksld ud¾..; úYajfldaIhg wkqj mqia;ld,h hkq uqøs; fyda fjk;a udOHhkaf.ka
iukaú; f;dr;=re uQ,dY% tl;=jla" lshùu iy wOHhkh lsÍu Wfoid msúish yels f,i
ixúOdkhlr we;s ia:dkhls (Online Encyclopedia of Britannica,2010).
fï wkqj .;al, w;S;fha mej;s mqia;ld,j,g
idfmaCIj j¾;udk mqia;ld,h Wmfhdaclhdg jHdma;jQ fiajdjka rdYshla ,ndfok wdh;k
úfYaIhla fõ'
w;S;fha fmd;a.=,a iïm%odfha mqia;ld,
mej;s hq.h ;=< tu mqia;ld, mßyrKh l< yels jQfha iudcfha W.;=ka hehs
iïu;jQ msßilg muKs' tfiau f;dr;=re uQ,dY% wvqfjka ìysjQ tu hq.hkays f;dr;=re wjYH;djh
u; tAjd .nvdlr we;s ia:dk fj; meñKsfhao iq¿ msßils' flfiajqjo" mdGlhdg wjYH
f;dr;=re uQ,dY%hla fidhd oSug wu;r ld¾hhla tl, mqia;ld, Ndrlref.ka is¥ fkdjqks'
kuq;a úúO lafIa;%hka hgf;a f;dr;=re uQ,dY% ìysùu;a iu. mqia;ld, jvd;a ck;dj fj;
ióm ùu wdrïN úh' tA wkqj úúO wdh;k hgf;a" úúO wjYH;djhkag wkqj mqia;ld,
ìysjQ w;r cd;sl mqia;ld, (National Library)" úYajúoHd, mqia;ld,
(University Library)" mdi,a
mqia;ld,
(School Library)" úfYaI mqia;ld, (Special Library)" m¾fhaIK mqia;ld,
(Research Library)" uyck mqia;ld, (Public Library) yd fm!oa.,sl mqia;ld,
(Private Library) iudch ;=< olakg ,efí' óg wu;rj wo w;;H mqia;ld, (Digital
Library) hkak o f.dvke.S we; (Online
Encyclopedia of Britannica,2010).
by; i|yka lrk ,o wdldrhg mqia;ld, ck;dj fj; ióm ùu ksid idudkH ck;djo
úúOdldrfha f;dr;=re wjYH;djhka Wfoid ;u wOHdmk" iudÔh ;;ajhka u; úúO
mqia;ld, fj; m%fõYùu isÿúh' fuys§ tu mdGlhkaf.a f;dr;=re wjYH;djh
ksjerosj" myiqfjka" mdGl wjYH;djh u; Wmßufhka bgqlr.ekSug Tjqka fhduqlsÍu
i|yd hï WmfoaYkhla isÿlsÍug mqia;ld, ld¾huKav,hg isÿúh' fuu ld¾hh i|yd
fhÿkq kduh jQfha mdGl wOHdmkh hkakhs' tu hq.fha mqia;ld,hkays uqøs;
uQ,dY%" w;amsgm;a hkd§ jYfhka lshùfï uQ,dY% muKla mej;Su;a" lshjkakd
fyj;a mdGlhdg ,ndfok wOHdmkh" mdGl wOHdmkh f,i ks¾jpkh ùu;a fuhg fya;=úh' kuq;a j¾;udkh
jkúg uqøs; uQ,dY%j,g wu;rj ix.Dys; ;eá (CD)" Yío mg (Audio Tapes)" ùäfhda mg (Video Tapes)" Ñ;%mg (Films) hkd§ f;dr;=re
uQ,dY% iys; mqia;ld,j, isg wka;¾cd,h (Internet) Ndú;fhka ihsn¾
wjldYfha (Cyber Space) f;dr;=re fj; m%fõYh imhk w;;H mqia;ld,
olajd
úúO uÜgfï mqia;ld, fõ' tfiau ck;djf.a
f;dr;=re wjYH;do by< uÜgul mj;S' fmd;l fyda fjk;a uqøs; uQ,dY%hl we;s f;dr;=rlska iEysug
m;afkdjkafkakï ;udf.a f;dr;=re wjYH;djh fjkqfjka ´kEu udOHhlska we;s f;dr;=rla fj; m%fõYùug Tjqka iQodkïh' tjka ;;ajhla
;=< mqia;ld,h Ndú; lrkakka lshjkakka fyj;a mdGlhka f,i ye|skaùu ;jÿrg;a
fhda.H
fkdjk
ksidfjka ´kEu udOHhla Ndú; lsÍu hkakg .e,fmk f,i Wmfhdacl (User) hk moh Ndú;hg
meñK we; (Wilson,1997). ta
wkqj
j¾;udkfha mqia;ld, fyda ú{dmk uOHia:dk Ndú; lrkakka yg ,ndfok wOHdmkh" Wmfhdacl
wOHdmkh (User
Education) f,i ye|skafõ'
Wmfhdacl
wOHdmkh (
Wmfhdacl
wOHdmkh hkq mqia;ld, fyda ú{dmk uOHia:dkj, we;s úúO f;dr;=re uQ,dY% we;=¿ ish¿u
iïm;a yd tu wdh;k u.ska imhkq ,nk fiajdjkays Ndú;h ms<sn|j;a tajdhska Wmßu
m%fhdackh .kakd wkaou ms<snoj;a Wmfhdaclhkag oekqula ,nd §uhs ^rKisxy"1997&'
j¾;udkh jkúg úúO udOHhka Tiafia f;dr;=re ìysùu isoqfõ' kuq;a ta ish¿u f;dr;=re
m%;s.%ykh lr.ekSug mqia;ld,hlg fkdyelsh' m%udKj;a fkdjk m%;smdok" mqia;ld,fha
bvlv ms<sn| .eg¿ iy f;dr;=re ìysùfï fõ.h fñ i|yd fya;=ù we;' ta wkqj
mqia;ld,hl we;af;a iSñ; iïm;a m%udKhls' fuu iSñ; iïm;a m%udKh Wmßu whqßka
m%fhdackhg .ekSug ux ie,iSu Wmfhdacl wOHdmkfha mrud¾:h fõ' fÊ'/f;da¾ kue;s
mqia;ld,fõoshd i|yka lrk mßos Wmfhdacl wOHdmkfha wruqKq ;s%;ajhls'
^w&'
f;dr;=re uQ,dY% ld¾hCIuj" Wmßufhka m%fhdackhg .ekSug wjYH mqyqKqj ,nd§u'
^wd&'
iajdëkj f;dr;=re .fõYKhg wjYH yelshdj ,nd§u'
^we&'
f;dr;=re .fõYKfhaoS mqia;ld, jD;a;slhkaf.ka wjYH iyfhda.h ,nd.ekSug
Wmfhdaclhd
osßu;a lrùu (Rathore,1992).
ta wkqj mqia;ld,hl we;s iïm;ajk
fmd;a" i.rd" Y%jH oDYH uQ,dY% ksis whqßka Ndú; lsÍug Wmfhdaclhd
wfmdfydi;a ùu mqia;ld,hlg Wmfhdacl wOHdmkhla wjYHùug uQ,slj fya;=fõ' fuys§ ;ukaf.a
wjYH;djhg .e<fmk iïm;a f;dard.ekSug
oekqula fkdue;sùu" tfia f;dard.kq ,enQjo tu iïm;a
ksis whqßka mßyrKhg yelshdjla fkdue;sùu flfrys uQ,sl wjOdkhla fhduqfõ' ;jo Wmfhdaclhka mqia;ld, ld¾huKav,h iu. ksis in|;djhla fkdùu
fya;=fldgf.k úúO .eg¿j,g uqyqKmEu iy mqia;ld, kS;s Í;s" p¾hd O¾uj,g wkqj
lghq;= fkdlsÍuo Wmfhdacl wOHdmkhla wjYHùug n,md we;' ta wkqj mqia;ld, iïm;a yd fiajdj,ska ksis mßos Wmßu m%fhdack
,nd.ekSug wjYH oekqu ,ndoSu wruqKq lrf.k Wmfhdacl wOHdmkh kue;s
ls%hdj,sh isoqflf¾'
Wmfhdacl wOHdmk
ls%hdj,sh (
Wmfhdacl
wOHdmk ls%hdj,sh mqia;ld, j¾.hkag wkqj iq¿ fjkialïj,ska hqla;fõ' Ydia;S%h
mqia;ld,hkays Wmfhdacl wOHdmkh ms<snoj woyia olajk fÊ'/f;da¾ kue;s
mqia;ld,fõoshd Wmfhdacl wOHdmk ls%hdj,sfhys woshr ;=kla olajd we;'
^w&' mqia;ld,h
m<uqjrg mßyrKh lrk whg wOHhk j¾Ihla wdrïNfha ,ndfok wkqia:dmkh
^wd&' Wmfhdaclhka
lsishï úIh lafIa;%hla .eTqßka yeoEÍfï wjia:djloS ta úIh osYdk;j ,ndfok Wmfhdacl
wOHdmkh
^we&' m¾fhaIK lghq;= i|yd ,ndfok idys;H .fõYK mqyqKqj (Rathore,1992)
Ydia;%Sh mqia;ld, i|yd ;;ajh tfia jqjo
fmdÿfõ ´kEu mqia;ld,hlg WÑ; jk f,i Wmfhdacl wOHdmk ls%hdj,sh
m%Odk woshr folla hgf;a my; mßos oelaúh yel'
^w&' Wmfhdacl wkqia:dmkh (Library
Orientation)
^wd&' .%ka: úoHd;aul WmfoaYk fiajd (Bibliographic
Instruction)
(rKisxy"1997&
Wmfhdacl
wkqia:dmkfhaoS mqia;ld,fha idudkH ieleiau" úúO wxY" mqia;ld,fhys wruqKq"
kS;s Í;s" p¾hdO¾u" ld¾huKav,h hkd§ lreKq ms<sn| WmfhdaclhkAg wjfndaOhla
,ndfoa' .%ka: úoHd;aul WmfoaYk fiajdj,§ isÿjkafka úúO jQ úIh lafIa;%hkag wod<j
,nd.; yels f;dr;=re iy tajd m%fhdackhg .kakd whqre ms<sn| WmfhdaclhkA oekqj;a
lsÍuhs' fï wkqj Wmfhdacl wOHdmkh
wkqia:dmk fiajdjka yd WmfoaYk fiajdjkays iyiïnkaOfhka isÿjk wLKav l%shdj,shla fõ'
idïm%odhsl
Wmfhdacl wOHdmk l%u (
Wmfhdacl wOHdmkh
,ndoSu i|yd mqia;ld, w;S;fha isg úúO l%u Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,efí' kuq;a tla
mqia;ld,hla ioyd ksYaÑ; tla l%uhla muKla m%udKj;a fkdjk w;r wjYH;djh u; l%u
lsysmhla Ndú; l< hq;=fõ' fufia Ndú; lrk Wmfhdacl wOHdmk l%u w;r my; i|yka l%u lsysmh jvd;a
ckm%sh ;;ajhl mj;s'
^w&'
foaYk ^Lectures)
^wd&'
iïuka;%K ^Seminars)
^we&' jevuq¿ ^Workshops)
^wE&' w;afmd;a ^Library
Hand Books)
^b&' kshuq fmd;a ^Guide
Books)
(B)'
f;dr;+re mqjre ^Bulletin
Board)
^t&' mqia;ld, pdßld ^
Library Tours)
^ta&' m%dfhda.sl wNHdi ^Practical Exercises)
by;
l%ufõohka Wmfhdacl wOHdmk l%shdj,sh ;=,
m%uqL;ajhla .;a;o tlS l%uhkag wdfõKsl jq hym;a ,CIK fiau ÿ¾j,;d iy .eg¿o fõ'
Wmfhdacl
wOHdmkh ,ndoSfï jvd;au ckm%sh l%uhla jk foaYk l%ufhaos Wmfhdaclhka úYd, msßilg
tljr oekqu ,nd§fï yelshdjla mj;s' kuq;a foaYk ixúOdkh lsßfï .eg¿"
m%;sfmdaIKhka ,nd.eksfï ÿIalr;d m%dfhda.slj
u;= fõ' iïuka;%K" jevuq¿"
mqia;ld, pdßld jeks l%u u.ska hï;dla ÿrlg m%dfhda.sl oekqula ,nd.;yels ùu fukau
ld¾huKav,h iu. in|;d f.dvke.Sula isÿjqjo" ld¾huKav,h jeä jYfhka wjYHùu"
uQ,Huh m%;smdok ms<sno .eg¿ hkdosh biau;+ úh yelsh' uqøs; udOH" tkï" w;afmd;a" kshuq fmd;a jeks oE Wmfhdacl wOHdmkh ,nd§fï l%u jYfhka Ndú;hg .ekSfï jdisodhl ;;ajhla lsysmhls' Wmfhdaclhdg
;ukag wjYH wjia:dj,§ mqia;ld,hg
meñKSfuka f;drj jqjo mqia;l,fha ieleiau" kS;sÍ;s we;+¿ wfkl=;a fndfyda
lreKq mqia;ld, w;afmd;la wdY%fhka ,nd.; yelsúu" u;lfha ;nd .eksfuka f;drj
wod< w;afmd; Ndú;fhka mqia;ld,h Ndú;fha§ u;+jk
.eg¿ ioyd ms<shï fidhd .; yelsùu fuysoS m%uqL;ajhla .ks' kuq;a w;afmd;a yd
kshuq fmd;a jißka jir ixialrKh lrñka kj wx. we;=,;a lrñka ksrka;r kj;djh /l.ekSu
wvq m%;smdok uÜgul mj;sk mqia;ld,hlg
.eg¿ iy.; úh yelsh' tfyhska mqia;ld, w;afmd;a Wmfhdacl wOHdmk l%uhla f,i Ndú;g .ekSu
l+vd mqia;ld,hlg jvd úYd, mqia;ld,hlg jeä
jYfhka m%dfhda.slj Wmldß fõ'
Wmfhdacl wOHdmkfhys uE;ld,Sk m%jK;d (
w;s;hg idfmaCIj j¾;udkh jkúg mß.Kl iy mß.Kl
wdY%s; bf,lafg%dksl udOH jeä jYfhka mqia;ld, lghq;+ flfrys n,mEï isÿlsÍula oel.; yelsh' ta wkqj
iïm%odhsl Wmfhdacl wOHdmk l%uhkag wu;rj j¾;udkfha fuu udOHhkao wdY%h lr .ksñka
Wmfhdacl wOHdmk l%u ìysù we;' ta w;ßka my; ioyka l%u lsysmh m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h
;=< mqia;ld, yd ú×mk úoHd uOHia:dkhkays ckm%sh;ajhla Wiq,hs'
^w&' úoHq;a
,sms fiajh (E-mail)
uQ,Huh
m%;smdok iSñ;j ,efnk mqia;ld,hlg jqjo j¾;udkfha fuu fiajdj ,nd.;yel' ukao mß.Kl
ñ<" wka;¾cd, fiajdjka i|yd fukau
thg wjYHjk Wmdx. i|ydo jehjk uqo,a m%udKh w;S;hg idfmaCIj j¾;udkfha oeßh yels
uÜgul mj;sk neúks' fuu.ska ,efnk jdisodhl ;;ajhka lsysmhls' ´kEu udOHhl mj;sk
uQ,dY%hla b;du;a flá ld,hla ;=< .%dylhd fj; heùug we;s yelshdj fï w;ßka
m%Odk fõ' oDYH (Video) udOHfhka" Y%jH udOHfhka
(Audio)"
Y%jH oDYH udOHfhka (Audio Visual)" PdhdrEmhla
(Photograph) f,i"
fm<la (Text) f,i hkd§ jYfhka we;s ´kEu f;dr;=rla
heùug we;s yelshdj ksid lsishï Wmfhdaclfhl= fj; Wmfhdacl wOHdmkhg wod< ish¿u
oE wjYH mßos úúO udOHhka Ndú;fhka tla/ialr f.dkqjla f,i ,nd§ug fuu.ska
yelshdjla ,efí' ta wkqj tla udOHhla
muKla Wmfhda.S lrf.k ,ndfok wOHdmkhlg idfmaCIj fuu.ska Wmfhdaclhdg ,nd.;yels
m%;sM,h buy;ah' kuq;a fuys§ u;=jk .eg¿ldÍ ;;ajhka lsysmhls' Wmfhdaclhdg wka;¾cd,
fiajdjka iy t;=< úoHq;a ,sms iu. .Kqfokq lsÍug we;s yelshdj fyj;a mß.Kl
idCIr;dj ms<sn|j fuys§ úfYaI ie,ls,a,la oelaúh hq;=h' úfYaI mqia;ld,"
Ydia;%Sh mqia;ld, jeks mqia;ld, Ndú; lrk lsishï iqúfYaIS wOHdmk uÜgul isák Wmfhdaclhka fndfydaÿrg mß.Kl idCIr;djfhka hqla; jk njla wkqudk l< yels
jqj;a m%dfoaYSh jYfhka msysgd we;s uyck mqia;ld, jeks wdh;khka iïnkaOfhka .;al,
fuh .eg¿ldÍ fõ' Wmfhdaclhkaf.a wd¾Ól yd iudcSh ;;ajhka u; fm!oa.,slj wka;¾cd,
myiqlï iys; mß.Klhla ksrka;r Ndú;h i|yd <. ;nd.; fkdyels ùu;a" iïm;a fn§hdfï
úIu;d yd m%dfoaYSh jYfhka isoqjk ixj¾Okfha úYu;du; wod< iïm;a <.dlr.ekSug
we;s fkdyelshdj;a fuys§ wjOdkh fhduq l<hq;= lreKq fõ'
^wd&'
mqia;ld, fjí wvú (Library Websites)
mqia;ld,hlg wh;a fjí wvúh u.ska
Wmfhdaclhkag wod< mqia;ld,h ms<sn| iajhx wOHhkhlg u. ie,fia' mqia;ld,fha úúO
wxY" ld¾h uKav,h" kS;s Í;s" kj jevigyka" f;dr;=re uQ,dY%
iïNdrh we;=¿ fndfyda oE ms<sno Wmfhdaclhka oekqj;a lsÍula ksrka;rfhkau isÿlsÍug
fjí wvúhla Wmfhda.S lr.; yel' fjí wvúhla ks¾udKhlr th wka;¾cd,h ;=, m%ldYhg
m;alsÍfuka miqj ta i|yd udkj iïm;la fhoùfuka f;drj th mj;ajdf.k hdug yelsùu
fuys we;s m%Odk;u jdisodhl ;;ajhls' tfukau ´kEu Wmfhdaclfhl=g" ´kEu ia:dkhl
isg" ´kEu wjia:djl wka;¾cd,hg m%fúYù wjYH lreKq ms<sn|
oekqj;aùug we;s yelshdj fuys§ jeo.;afõ' kuq;a fjí wvúhla ks¾udKhlr mj;ajdf.khdu
iEu mqia;ld,hlgu m%dfhda.slj isÿl<yels
lghq;a;la fkdfõ' ;ukag we;s myiqlï iy m%;smdokj,g wkql+,j l=vd mßudKfha
mqia;ld, i|yd fujeks l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu ÿIalr jqj;a úYajúoHd,
mqia;ld," úfYaI mqia;ld," úúO wdh;khkag wkqnoaO mqia;ld, i|yd fujeks
fjí wvúhla yryd Wmfhdacl wOHdmkhg ux ie,iSug yelshdj we;' úfYaIfhkau wdh;k
wdY%s;j we;s mqia;ld, i|yd tu wdh;k fjí wvúh ;=<u mqia;ld,hg wh;a fjí msgqj
fyda msgq iuQyh ia:dms; lsÍfï yelshdjla mj;S' fuysoSo by; i|yka úoHq;a ,sms
fiajdfõ fukau Wmfhdaclhdf.a mß.Kl idCIr;dj yd wd¾Ól" iudcSh ;;ajhka ksid
u;=jk .eg¿ mj;S'
^we&'
ud¾..; ixjdo (Online Chat)
mqia;ld,hdêm;sjrhd fyda f;dr;=re
ks,Odßfhl= (Information Officer) iu.
ud¾..;j (Online)
iïnkaOù Wmfhdaclfhl=g mqia;ld,hg
wod< ´kEu f;dr;=rla ,nd.;yelsùu Wmfhdacl wOHdmkfha j;auka m%jK;d
w;r bosßfhkau ;eîug yels l%uhla f,i i|yka l< yelsh' fï i|yd Wmfhdaclhdf.a
mß.Kl idCIr;dj fukau wka;¾cd,h Ndú;h ms<sn| oekqu wksjd¾h fõ' tfiau mqia;ld,
ld¾huKav,fhka tla wfhl= fyda lsysm fofkl= fï i|yd ksrka;rfhka lemù isàu;a th
lsishï m%ñ;s iy.; njlska hqla;j isÿlsÍu;a w;HdjYH fõ' fï i|yd
wka;¾cd, ikaksfõok fiajd jk ialhsma (skype)" hdyq
uefikac¾ (Yahoo Messenger) jekakla
Ndú;d lrñka Y%jH (Audio) fukau Y%jH oDYH (Audio
Visual)
udOH u.ska Wmfhdaclhkag fiajd ie,iSu isÿl<yel' fujeks
fiajdjka m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul lsÍu uqo,a" mqyqKq udkj iïm;a ys.;djfhka
hq;a rglg ÿIalr úhyels
kuq;a oshqKq wd¾Ól" iudcSh uÜgula iys; rgj, nyq,j Ndú; flf¾'
^wE&'
mß.Kl wdY%s; bosßm;alsÍï (Computer Based
Presentations)
mß.Kl wdY%s;j úúO uDÿldx. Ndú; lrñka Wmfhdaclhkayg iajhx u.fmkaùula isÿl<yels úúO bosßm;alsÍï mqia;ld,hg m%fúYjk ia:dkfha
ks¾udKhlr ;eîu j;auka Wmfhdacl wOHdmk l%u w;r jvd;a ckm%sh l%uhla f,i i|yka
l<yelsh' fuysoS T*sia meflach (Office Package) Ndú; lrñka mj¾ fmdhskaÜ (Power Point) jeks fhojqula Wmfhda.S lrf.k mqia;ld,fha ieleiau"
f;dr;=re uQ,dY%j, ixhq;sh" kS;sÍ;s we;=¿ úúO u.fmkaùï wka;¾.;fldg
iajhxl%Shj tu f;dr;=re tlu mß.Kl ;srhl" lsishï ie,eiaulg wkqj o¾Ykh jk f,i
ilialr ;eîu nyq,j olakg ,efnk l%uh fõ' fuh úoHq;a ,sms fiajdj fyda fjí wvú
m%ldYkhg m;alsÍug idfmaCIj w;sYhskau ir< lghq;a;la jk w;r wvq msßjehlska
isoql<yels fõ' idudkH mß.Kl oekqula we;s mqoa.,fhl=g jqjo tjekakla ks¾udKh
l<yels ùu;a" bx.%Sis NdIdj fukau mqia;ld,fha Wmfhdacl m%cdjf.a NdId
idCIr;djhg .e,fmk whqßka isxy, fyda fou< ni fï i|yd Ndú; l<yels
ùu;a" rEm" Yío" p,k yd j¾K o fï i|yd we;=,;a lr.;yels ùu;a"
Wmfhdacl ñ;%YS,Snúka hqla; ùu;a fuys jdis fõ'
^b&'
Ñ;%mg (Films)
Ñ;%mgo j;aufkys Wmfhdacl wOHdmkh
iemhSug fhdod.kakd ckm%sh l%uhls' rEm"
Yío" p,k yd j¾K hkdoS ish¿u wdl¾IKSh wx.hkaf.ka iukaú;j mqia;ld, iïm;a yd
fiajdjka úYajdikSh f,i bosßm;a lsÍug fuu.ska yelshdj ,efí' tksidu Ñ;%mg u.ska
isÿlrkq ,nk fuu f;dr;=re iemhSu wjfndaO lr.ekSugo
Wmfhdaclhdg myiqh' tfiau Wmfhdacl wOHdmkh
fjkqfjka ilialrk ,o Ñ;%mg we;=,;a ix.Dys; ;eá (CD) mqia;ld,fha iajNdjh yd Wmfhdaclhkaf.a
iajNdjh wkqj mqia;ld,h u.skau msgm;alr Wmfhdaclhka
w;r fnodyeÍugo mq¿jk' tu.ska Wmfhdaclhdf.a wjYH;djh u; th h<s h<s;a krUñka
mqia;ld,h yd tys fiajd ksis f,i Ndú; lrk wdldrh ms<sn|j oekqu ,nd.ekSug yelshdj
,efí' l,lg fmr ix.Dys; ;eáhl ñ< wêl nj iy
msgm;alsÍug we;s ÿIalr;d jeks .eg¿ mej;sho j¾;udkfha th b;d myiqfjka iq¿ uqo,lg
isÿlr.; yelsùu fuys jdisodhl ;;ajhls' kuq;a uqøs; udOHj,oS fuka fkdj
fï i|yd hka;%hla" tkï mß.Klhla fyda ;eá Odjlhla wjYHfõ'
^B&'
mß.Kl Wmldrl foaYk (Computer Assisted Lectures)
idïm%odhslj
mj;ajdf.k meñKs Wmfhdacl wOHdmk l%uhla jk foaYk i|yd mß.Kl ;dCIKh uqiqlsÍu
;=,ska tu foaYk Wmfhdaclhd w;r jvd;a ckm%sh ùu;a jeä id¾:l Ndjhla ,eîu;a isÿfõ' fuysoS foaYlhd úiska m%ldYlrk lreKqj,g wu;rj" mß.Klh
wdY%h lrf.k isÿlrkq ,nk
meyeos<slsÍï u.ska Wmfhdaclhdg wod< oekqu myiqfjka wjfYdaIKh lr.ekSug
yelshdj ,efí' tfiau" lsishï lreKla m%ldY lsÍu fyda uqøs; msgm;la f,i ,nd§ug
wu;rj m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ms<sn| mß.Kl wdY%s;j ùäfhda mg" PdhdrEm fyda
fjk;a jevigyka u.ska ksoiqka bosßm;a lsÍfïoS tys idêldß;ajh by< hdulao isÿfõ' kuq;a fmdÿfõ ´kEu ia:dkhl
isg meje;aúh yels ir< foaYkhlg idfmaCIj mß.Kl yd wfkl=;a Wmdx. iïmdokh
lr.ksñka foaYkhla ixúOdkh lsÍu iEu mqia;ld,hlgu tlfia myiq fkdúh yel'
by; i|yka
lrk,o wdldrhg mqia;ld, wrUhd jk Wmfhdacl wOHdmk l%uhkays j¾;udk m%jK;d oelajqjo
fuys m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h úúO mqia;ld,hkag wkqj fjkia fõ' tfiau" mqia;ld,hl
Wmfhdacl wOHdmk l%shdj,sh isÿlrkafka lõreka
úiskao hk lreK mqia;ld,fha iajNdjh" m%udKh wdosh u; rod mj;S' úYd,
mqia;ld,hkays Wmfhdacl wOHdmk l%shdj,sh i|yd fjkajQ f;dr;=re ks,OdÍka iy
WmfoaYk ks,OdÍka fõ' wfkl=;a idudkH mqia;ld,hkays fuu ld¾hh úu¾Ik wxYhg
wod< ld¾huKav,h úiskq;a we;eïúfgl l=vd mqia;ld,hl kï mqia;ld,hdêm;sjrhd
úiskq;a isÿlrkq ,efí
^rKisxy"1997&' flfiajqjo fuu Wmfhdacl wOHdmk l%shdj,sh isÿlrk mqoa.,hka jD;a;Sh iqqÿiqlï yd
m<mqreoao iys; mqoa.,hka úh hq;=uh' tfiau Wmfhdacl wjYH;djkag wkql+,j
mqia;ld, iïm;a" fiajd iy tu.ska Wmßu m%fhdack ,nd.kakd wkaou ms<sn| ukd
wjfndaOhlao Tjqka i;=úh hq;=h'
ks.ukh
(
fï wkqj Wmfhdacl wOHdmkh
mqia;ld,hg fukau th Ndú; lrk Wmfhdaclhkag fl;rï m%fhdackj;a jqj;a" tA i|yd
kj l%uhka ìysjQj;a" tu l%u m%dfhda.slj Ndú; lsÍu i|yd úúOdldr mqia;ld,hkag
we;s yelshdj tlsfklg fjkiajk nj olakg ,efí' tfyhska tu mqia;ld, úiska ;u
Wmfhdacl m%cdjg" ,efnk uQ,Huh m%;smdokj,g" ;u ld¾huKav,fha m%udKhg iy
Tjqkag iSudjkakg isÿjk úúO ks¾kdhlhkag wkqj Wmfhdacl wOHdmk l%u l%shdfõ fhoúh
hq;=nj .uH fõ'
wdY%s;
uQ,dY% (
(01)' rKisxy"
wd¾' tÉ' whs' tia' ^1997&'mqia;ld, Ndú;fhys,d mdGl wOHdmkfhys jeo.;alu iy l%shdj,sh'
mqia;ld, mDjD;a;s ' 18 ^4$ Tlaf;dan¾-foieïn¾&' msgq' 7-9
(02). Britannica (2010). Encyclopedia of
Britannica. [Online].
Available from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339421/library
[Accessed: 09th April 2011]
(03). Fidzani,
B. T. (1995). User education in academic libraries a study of trends and
developments in Southern Africa. [Online]. August
1995. Available from: http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla61/61-fidb.htm
[accessed:10th April 2011]
(04). Merriam
Webster (2011). Merriam Webster Dictionary. [Online]. Available from:
(05). Rathore.J.(1992).User education programmes
in academic libraries.Lucknow library press,Lucknow. p.104-107
(06). Wigglesworth,M. (2011). New trends in user
education @ the Toronto public library. [Online].
[Accessed:
10th April 2011]
(07). Wilson,C. (1997). Can we assess user
education in the library; and if so,how?.[Online]. February 1997.Available
from:http://www.londonnet.ac.uk/deliberations/courses&resourses/wilson.cfm
[Accessed: 10th April 2011]
(08). Wittkopf, B. (1995). Current trends in user
education in the United States. [Online]. August 1995. Available
from: http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla61/61-fidb.htm
[accessed:10th April 2011]
YS% ,xldfõ
foaYSh oekqu yd ta yd ine|s ñ;Hd u;
jhs'tA'ksYdka; hdmd wfíj¾Ok
iyldr lÓldpd¾h" mqia;ld, yd ú{dmk
úoHd wOHhkdxYh
le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
ixfCIamh
oekqu hkq mq¿,a ixl,amhls'
foaYSh oekqu" oekqu hk ixl,amh ;=< iqúfYaIS jQjls' oekqu ´kEu rglg fmdÿ
jQjla jk w;r foaYSh oekqu lsishï ksYaÑ; N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhlg wdfõKsl jQjls' kuq;a
úYaj oekqug idfmaCIj YS% ,xldfõ foaYSh oekqfï j¾Okhg yd meje;aug n,mdk .eg¨ldÍ
;;ajhka lsysmhla fõ' úúO msßia úiska lsisÿ úpdrhlska f;drj m<lrkq ,nk ñ;Hd
u; fï w;ßka m%Odk h' kuq;a ta ms<sn| úu¾Ykd;aulj wjOdkh fhduqlsÍfïoS fmkS
hkafka fuu ñ;Hd u; fndfyda ÿrg lsisÿ yrhlska f;dr idjoH jQ u; njhs' b;d jákd
oekqï moaO;shla jk fuu foaYSh oekqï moaO;Ska iïnkaO fuu ñ;Hd u; neyer lr"
ta ms<sn| meyeos<s we.hSula yryd Ndú;hg .ekSu yd jeä oshqKq lsÍu ish¨
fokdf.au iqN isoaêhg fya;=fõ'
fhduq mo ( foaYSh
oekqu" oekqu" iïm%odh" ñ;Hd u;" merKs YS% ,xldj
ye|skaùu
udkj YsIagdpdrfha oekqu kue;s
ixl,amhg ,efnkafka iqúfYaIS jQ ia:dkhls' oekqu ksrka;rfhkau hdj;ald,Sk jkakla
jk w;r tys úúO iajrEmhka o fõ' foaYSh oekqu" oekqfuys tla m%fNaohla f,i
yeoskaúh yels w;r th lsishï foaYhlg wdfõKsl jQ" tu m%foaYfha ck;dj úiska
f.dvk.k yd Ndú;d lrk ,oaola f,i w¾: oelafõ' fmdÿfõ oekqu hk ixl,amh
ms<sn|j;a" tA ;=< foaYSh oekqu yd tys iajNdjh ms<sn|j;a fuu ,smsh
yryd wjOdkh fhduq lrk w;r YS% ,xldfõ foaYSh oekqfuka fmdfydi;a f.da;% yd ck
fldgia fukau Tjqkaf.a oekqï iïNdrh ms<sn|j;a wjOdkh fhduq flf¾' tfiau"
foaYSh oekqu YS% ,xldj ;=< j¾Okh yd Ndú;h wju ùug m%Odk jYfhka fya;=jk ñ;Hd
u; ms<sn|j;a fuysoS úu¾Ykd;aulj idlÉPd flf¾'
YS% ,xldj oS¾> b;sydihlg
Wreulï lshkq ,nk foaYhls' f.da;s%l ck iudc" m%d:ñl .%dóh ck iudc hkdoS
jYfhka l%ñlj úldYkh fjñka meñKs YS% ,dxlSh ck iudch j¾;udkh jkúg ndysr f,dalh
iu. iïnkaO fjñka kj ;dCIKsl l%fudamdhka yryd ;u oekqu (Knowledge) ksrka;rfhka
hdj;ald,Sk lr.kakd oshqKq udkj ,CIKhkaf.ka hqla;j we;' j¾;udkfha by; i|yka lrk
,o wdldrhg kQ;k ;dCIKsl l%ufõo Ndú; lrñka myiqfjka oekqu lrd m%fõY úh yels jqjo"
w;S;fha th tfia fkdùh' iudc in|;d wju uÜgul mej;s tu hq.fhys ;u m%foaYhg"
;u iudchg wdfõksl oekqug wu;rj kj oekqu ,nd.ekSug bvlv mej;sfha wju uÜgulsks'
tfyhska Tjqka ;uka i;=jQ oekqu uqL mrïmrd.;j wdrCId lr.ekSug;a" tu oekqu
ksis wjia:dj,oS Ndú; lsÍug;a úh' fuh YS% ,xldjg fukau oS¾> b;sydihla iys;
wfkl=;a rgj,go fmdÿjQ lreKls'
oekqu
udkj YsIagdpdrh wdrïNfha isgu
ñksid tosfkod lghq;= i|yd fhdod.kq ,enqfõ Tjqkaf.a iudch ;=<skau ckkh lr.kakd
,o oekquls' mßirh yd iajNdj O¾uh iu. .efgñka" wr., lrñka" wNsfhda.
ch.ksñka ish cSjh mj;ajdf.k hdug ñksid th id¾:lj Ndú;hg f.k we;' fuu oekqu
úúOdldrfhka ;u mßirh Tiafia ñksid ,nd.kakd w;aoelSï" oekqu" l=i,;d"
wdl,am" isß;a úrs;a" .;s mej;=ï" iïm%odhka" úYajdihka hkdoS
ish,af,ysu tl;=j fõ'
oekqu ms<sn| ìysj we;s ks¾jpk
fndfydah' Tlaia*¾â bx.S%is YíofldaIhg wkqj" mqoa.,fhla w;aoelSï iy
wjfndaOh yryd ,nd.kakd lreKq f;dr;=re wjfndaOh iy l=i,;d oekqu fõ (Oxford
English Dictionary,1989). mqia;ld, yd
ú{dmk úoHdj ms<sn| cd;Hka;r úYaj fldaIhg wkqj" oekqu hkq wNsm%dhdkql+,j
m%fhdackhg .;yels" ñksid úiska ;u uki ;=< we.hSu iy ixúOdkh lr ;nd.kakd
,o f;dr;=re fõ (Feather & Stuged,1997)' frda,sx.a tAx.,ag (Rolling Engle) wkqj ukig wh;a wx.hla jk oekqu fohdldrhlska yg.kS' weiSug"
ne,Sug fyda iam¾Y lsÍug fkdyels oekqu fndfydaúg lsishï ixialD;shlg iudchlg
iqúfYaIS jQ fohla f,i Tyq úiska ú.%y lr we;' tfiau th lDIsl¾uh"
fi!LH" wdydr iemhSu" wOHdmkh" mßir ixrCIKh iy fjk;a lghq;=
iuqodhlg moku ù we;s nj meyeos<s lr ;sfí ^W,a¨úiafyajd"2006&'
fï wkqj
.;al<" udkjhd úiska úúOdldrfhka tla/ia lr.;a Tyq i;=j mj;sk ish¿u
f;dr;=re" wjfndaOh yd l=i,;d hkdosh oekqu f,i ir<j oelaúh yelsh'
flfiajqjo
oekqu hkq fnod oelaúh yels ixl,amhla fkdfõ' tkï" th foaYSh oekqu" ;d¾lsl oekqu" úoHd;aul
oekqu hkdoS jYfhka f.dkql< fkdyels fõ' ukao oekqu hkq udkjhd úiska ixrCIKh
lrk,o iuia; woyia iuQyh jk neúks' kuq;a wOHhkfha myiqj i|yd iy iajrEmh u; oekqu
m%Odk fldgia follg fnod olajd we;'
01&'
foaYSh oekqu fyj;a idïm%odhsl oekqu
02&'
úoHd;aul fyj;a ;d¾lsl oekqu ^rKisxy"2006&
foaYSh oekqu
foaYSh hk moh —lsishï m%foaYhlg iy tys fjfikakkag
iajNdjfhkau Wreu jQ˜ hk woyi f.kfoa (The Oxford English
Dictionary,1989). fï wkqj foaYSh
oekqu hkq ksYaÑ; N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhlg wdfõKsl jQ oekqu moaO;shla jYfhka ye|skaúh
yelsh' fuh úYaj úoHd, fyda m¾fhaIK wdh;k jeks úoaj;a wdh;k j,ska ieÿï,;a
cd;Hka;r moaO;sh ;=< ckkh jk oekqug jvd meyeos<s fjkilska hqla;h ^rKisxy"2006&'
fï wkqj oekqu hk mq¿,a ixl,amh ;=< lsishï iqúfYaIS njla Wiq,kq ,nk wx.hla
f,i foaYSh oekqu ye|skaúh yelsh' fuh mrmqfrka mrmqrg úldYkh ùfïoS uQ,slj
lgjyfrkao" w,am jYfhka ,sÅ;jo mej; tkakls' tfiau ;u ffoksl lghq;=jk
lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=" l¾udka;" mßir l<ukdlrKh" wdydr" fi!LH
wdoS oE fjkqfjka fuu oekqu wdY%h lrf.k ;SrK .ekSula w;S;fha fukau we;eï úg
j¾;udkfhao oel.; yel'
foaYSh
oekqu ú.%y lrkq ,nk f.%aksh¾ olajk mßos foaYSh oekqu hkq lsishï N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhlg
wdfõksl jQ .eyeKqka iy ñksiqka úiska úfYaIs; ;;ajhka hgf;a ixj¾Okh lrk ,o flaj,
jQ;a" idïm%odhsl jQ;a" m%dfoaYSh jQ;a oekqu fõ (Grenier,1998). tfiau foaYSh oekqu hkq hï ksYaÑ; iudchl fmdÿ ck;djf.a iudc
ú{dkh f,i o we;euqka úiska y÷kajdoS ;sfí' tA wkqj ñksidf.a ffoksl cSú;fha
wjYH;djhka iy Wjukdjka fuuÕska ksrEmkh flfrk nj;a" th ñksiqkaf.a ixfõoS
w;aoelSï" woyia" wdl,am" úúO oDIaÓfldaK" úYajdi"
ixl,am" kHdhka" úksYaphkays tl;=jla nj;a olajd we;
^ùrisxy"1986&'
foaYSh
oekqu iuÕ fkdìfok in|;djhla mj;skakla f,i ixialD;sh oelaúh yel' ixialD;sh hkq
udkj iudcfha idudcslfhl= w;am;a lr.kakd oekqu" úYajdi" l,djka" kS;sÍ;"s
j;a ms<sfj;a yd fjk;a yelshdjka" yqremqreÿlï ish,a, we;=<;a ixlS¾K
jQ tl;=jls' foaYSh oekqu úldYkh jQ úg th úúO iajrEmfhka ixialD;sh ;=<
;ekam;a fõ' th lsishï ck fldgil wkkH;djh" wdOHd;añl yd wd.ñl úYajdi fmrgq
fldg.;a ixialD;sh iuÕ iïnkaOj mj;S' tA wkqj foaYSh oekqu lsishï ixialD;shlg
fyda iudchlg lreKq imhk moku o fõ ^úl%uisxy"1994&' by; i|yka lrk,o
wdldrhg ixialD;sh ;=< ;ekam;ajk foaYSh oekqu fndfydaúg ixrCIKh jkafkao
wod< ixialD;sh ;=<uh' th ndysr ixialD;Skaf.ka Wlyd.kakd oekqï
iïNdrhkaf.ka iyck iudcfha ìysjk kj oekqfukao fmdaIKh fjñka mj;S' tfiau foaYSh
oekqï moaO;shla hïlsis ck iuQyhl ixialD;shla ;=< mj;sk f;la wdrCIdjk w;r
ixialD;sh fjkiaùfïoS fjkia ùu;a" úkdY ùfïoS úkdY ùu;a isÿfõ ^W,a¨úiafyajd"2006&'
fï wkqj foaYSh oekqu úúO mßirhka" iudc lKavdhï yd úfYaIfhkau ixialD;Skag
wkql+,j fjkiajkakla o fõ'
foaYSh
oekqu ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfïoS meyeos<sjk ;j;a lreKla jkafka th uq¿ukskau
mßirh ch.ekSu i|yd fkdj" mßirhg wkqj mßirh iuÕ iycSjkfhka hq;=j lghq;=
lsÍu i|yd f.dvk.k ,oaola njhs' tksidu foaYSh oekqu f.dvkexjQ mqoa.,hka wod<
m%mxphka w;r mj;sk in|;djh yÿkd.ekSfuka muKla fndfydaúg iEySulg m;ajQ w;r tAjdg
ydks lrñka ;u wruqKq idOkh lr.ekSug W;aidy fkd.;a njla oel.; yel' tfyhska
foaYSh oekqu yd Tjqka f.dvke.+ ;dCIKsl l%fudamdhkao fndfydaúg mßir ys;ldó úh'
foaYSh
oekqu ms<sn|j ú.%y lsÍfïoS th i;= m%Odk ,CIK lsysmhla my; wdldrhg oelaúh yel'
01&' uQ,slj lgjyfrka mej; tk w;r ,sÅ;j wdrCIdlr ;eîu
wjuh'
02&' uQ, îch jkafka ksYaÑ; N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhl cSj;ajk ck
fldÜGdYhls'
03&' ixialD;sh iu. wúfhdackShj ne|S mj;S'
04&' ixialD;sh ;=<u ixrCIKh ùu;a fmdaIKh ùu;a isÿfõ'
05&' úúO mßirhka iudc lKavdhï yd ixialD;Skag wkql+,j
fjkia fõ'
06&' mßir ys;ldó fõ'
07&' ,nd.kakd w;aoelSï u; mokï fjñka oekqï moaO;sh
f.dvkef.a'
08&' idïm%odhsl fõ'
fï
wdldrhg .;a l< by; i|yka lrk ,o wdldrfha m%Odk ,CIKhkaf.ka hqla;j mßir
ys;ldój mdßißl yd iudcuh wNsfhda. ch.ekSu i|yd wm uq;=ka ñ;a;ka úiska ork ,o
W;aidyfhys m%;sM,hla jYfhka f.dvke.=kq oekqï moaO;shla jYfhka foaYSh oekqu
ir<j ú.%y l< yel'
Y%S ,xldfõ foaYSh oekqu
Y%S ,xldfõ foaYSh oekqu fndfyda ÿrg mqrdK f.da;%sl ck fldgia
yd m%d:ñl .%dóh ck fldgia úiska ìyslrk ,o oekqfï ñY%Khls ^rKisxy"2006&'
tA wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ foaYSh oekqu ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfïoS m%Odk ck fldgia
folla ms<sn| ie,lsh hq;= fõ'
fuhska
f.da;%sl ck fldgia ms<sn| ie,lSfïoS jeos ck;djg ,efnkqfha m%uqL ia:dkhls'
jkdka;r wdY%h lrf.k cSj;a jQ fuu ck;djf.a oekqu fmdaIKh jQfha Tjqkaf.a mxfÉkaøshkag
f.dapr jQ .ia je,a" i;=ka" hkdoS úúO jia;+ka fya;= fldgf.kh' oekqug
wu;rj Tjqkag ffokslj ,enqkq w;aoelSï iuqodhlao úh' fï ish,a,u Tjqkaf.a cSúldj"
isß;a úß;a" weoys,s hkdosh fya;=fjka ,enqkq tAjdh' lsisÿ úfgl Tjqkag ;uka
mrïmrd.;j /lf.k meñKs .;s mej;=ï" pdï isß;a úß;a j,g yd úYajdihkag mgyeksj
tu iSudjka ì|f.k hdug wjYH fkdùh' flfiajqjo fuu f.da;%sl ck fldÜGdYh úiska foaYSh
oekqug tlalr we;s oekqï iïNdrh úYd,h' wdydr weiqreï lsÍu" i;a;aj ksIamdok"
wdydr l,a ;nd.ekSu" uiqka fnda lsÍu yd c, iïmdok l%u fï w;ßka lsysmhls'
frdã
ck;djo f.da;%sl ck fldÜGdY w;r fmdfydi;a foaYSh oekqï iïNdrhlska hqla; msßils'
cSjk rgdj" iudc" ixialD;sl ,CIK hkdosfhka meyeos<s fjkila olakg
,efnk fuu ck;dj i;=j wdydr" fjolu" l¾udka; we;=¿ ffoksl cSú;h ;=<
jeo.;ajk fndfyda lreKq yd ine|s id¾:l foaYSh oekqï moaO;shla mj;S'
f.da;%sl
ck;dj fukau w;S;fha .%dóh ck;djo ;u tosfkod cSjk lghq;= i|yd fhdod .;af;a
foaYSh oekquh' m%Odk cSjfkdamdh jQ lDIsl¾udka;h i|yd Tjqka uq¿ukskau ;ud i;=
fuu oekqu wkqj foaYSh fmdfydr Ndú;d lrñka" Ys,amSh l%u fhdod .ksñka"
wd.udkql+,j ;u ld¾hfhys ksr; úh' lDIsl¾udka;h fukau ;j;a fndfyda l¾udka; ÿr
w;S;fha isgu Y%S ,xldfõ mej;=ks' mdrïmßlj mej; tk wdldrhg" ;u l=,hg ysñ
/lshdj cSjk jD;a;sh f,i isÿlsÍfïoS Tjqka ;u idïm%odhsl WmlrK" idïm%odhsl
oekqu id¾:l f,i fhdod.;a nj w;S; f;dr;=re wkqj wkdjrKh fõ'
´kEu
foaYhl foaYSh oekqu ìysùu i|yd fukau tys id¾:l Ndú;h i|yd wod< m%foaYfha
ck;djf.a cSjk l%uh fukau foaY.=Ksl ld,.=Ksl ;;ajhkao n,mdkq ,nhs' ta wkqj Y%s
,dxlSh w;S; ck;djf.a cSjk l%ufha iqúfYaIS ,CIKhkao" Y%S ,xldj i;= jQ N+f.da,Sh úoHd;aul yd WoaNso úoHd;aul
iqúfYaISNdjhkag uq,a jQ foaY.=Kho fuu foaYSh oekqfï j¾Okhg fnfyúka n,md we;'
w;S;fhaoS w;sYhskau m%p,s; jQ foaYSh ffjoH l%uh fï i|yd meyeos<s kso¾Ylhls'
tu iudcfha cSj;ajQ ñksiqkaf.a ish¿u f,v frda. i|yd m%;sldr lrk ,oafoa foaYSh
ffjoH l%uh u.sks' fï i|yd WmldÍ jQfha Y%S ,xldfõ jkdka;r we;=¨ iajNdúl mßirh fõ'
mßirfhka tl;=lr .kakd T!IO u.ska frda.Ska iqjm;a lsÍug tod úiQ mqoa.,hka iu;a
jQy' w;=re wdndO j,ska f;drj frda.sfhl=" ksfrda.S mqoa.,fhl= njg m;alsÍfï
yelshdj jk T!IO i;= úh'
rgl
foaYSh nj m%udKd;aul jYfhkao" tA foi n,k wdldrfhkao ld,dkqrEmSj fjkia fõ'
nqÿ oyu Y%S ,xldjg meñKs ld,fha furg foaYSh oekqu iajNdj O¾ufha jia;+kag iSudù
;snqks' kuq;a Bg miqj nqÿ oyfï n,mEu u; fuu úYajdihka jvd;a ir<"
od¾Yksl Ñka;khka njg mßj¾;kh úh' miqlld,Skj th ;jÿrg;a TmuÜgï fjñka ir< nj"
lreKdj" ffu;%sh" bjiSu jeks fn!oaO O¾u;d u; mokï úh' fï whqßka
ld,dkql%ñlj fjkia fjñka j¾;udkfha fooyia jirlg fmr mej;s foaYSh;ajh" foaYSh
oekqug fndfyda fihska fjkia jQjla foaYSh;ajh hkafkka woyia flf¾' b;sydih mqrdu
foaYSh oekqfï mßKduh msßlaiSfïoS fmkS hkafka th fjkia ùï rdYshl fm<.eiaula
jQ njh' fuh Y%S ,xldfõ foaYSh oekqug fukau wfkla foaYhkago fmdÿ jQjls'
foaYSh oekqu yd ine|s ñ;Hd u;
foaYSh oekqfï j¾;udk Ndú;h ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfïoS"
th w;S;hg idfmaCIj nyq, f,i fhdod .ekSula olakg fkdue;' kùk ;dCIKh" kQ;k
úoHd;aul fidhd.ekSï yuqfõ foaYSh oekqu j;auka mrmqr w;r t;rï ckm%sh fkdùu fukau
ñ;Hd u;o m%Odk jYfhka foaYSh oekqfï j¾Okh yd Ndú;h hï;dla ÿrlg wju lsÍug m%n,
n,mEula isÿlr we;'
foaYSh
oekqu yd ine|s ñ;Hd u; ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfïoS my; i|yka lreKq Tiafia
f.dvke.=kq ñ;Hd u; iqúfYaIS fõ'
01&' úoHdkql+, fkdjk nj
02&' .=ma; iy iel iys; jQjla nj
03&' merKs ksidfjka kùlrKh jQ iudchg fkd.e,fmk nj
04&' .%dóh ÿ.S ck;dj iy kQ.;a mrmqrg wh;a jQ oekqula nj
05&' YsIag m%cdj úiska Ndú;hg fkd.kakd nj
06&' .=Kd;aul núka wvq nj
07&' keiShñka mj;sk oekqula nj
08&' wd¾Óluh jákdlula fkdue;s nj
foaYSh
oekqu úoHdkql+, fkdjk njg we;s u;h ms<sn| úuiSfïo"S úoHd.drhla ;=<
mÍCIKhg ,la fkdl< muKska lsisfjl=g fuu oekqï moaO;Ska iïmQ¾Kfhkau m%;sfCIam
l< fkdyels nj meyeos<sh' ukao" úúO wxYhkag wod<j me/Kakka ;u cSú;
ld,h mqrdu foaYSh oekqï iïm%odhka Ndú;h b;d id¾:lj isÿlr we;s neúks' pkaøhd
ñksia lghq;= flfrys úúO wdldrfhka n,mdk njg me/Kakka w;r mej;s úYajdihka yd tA
wkqj Tjqka úúO lghq;= ie,iqï lsÍfïoS pkaøhdf.a ke.Su" neiSu ksÍCIKh lr
;SrK .ekSu fï i|yd losu kso¾Ykhls' fï wdldrhg mxfÉkaøshkag f.dapr fkdjk tfy;a
ñksia cSú; j,g n,mdk úúO n,fõ. úYajh ;=< l%shd;aul fjñka mj;sk nj;a" tA
ms<sn| meyeos<s wjfndaOhla ,ndf.k tu n,fõ. ksis mßos m%fhdackhg .ekSfuka
ñksidg ;u wjYH;d myiqfjka iïmQ¾K lr.ekSug yels nj;a wm uq;=ka ñ;a;kaf.a úYajdih
úh' tfiau tu úYajdihka fndfydaúg ;yjqre úh' kuq;a kQ;k m¾fhaIK l%ufõo yryd fuh
;yjqre lr.; yels fkdfõ' we;eï úfgl fuh foaYSh oekqu miqmi mj;sk ;;ajhka wjfndaO
lr.ekSug kQ;k úoHdjg wod< m¾fhaIK l%u wiu;aùulao úh yel'
foaYSh
oekqu .=ma; iy iel iys; jQjla njg we;s u;h" fmdÿfõ ñksidg wjfndaO lr.;
fkdyels oE .=ma; fyda wiaÒr jYfhka ks¾Kh lsÍfï keUqrej ksid isÿjQjla úh yel'
ukao" foaYSh oekqug wh;a hï hï isß;a úß;a yd j;a ms<sfj;a ;=< fujeks
wjfndaOlr.; fkdyels lghq;= mj;sk neúks' kuq;a fuh iEu ixialD;shlu foaYSh oekqï
iïm%odhkag fmdÿ jQjla jk w;r tys ryiHNdjh fjkqfjka jHjydr lrkakla fõ'
ld¾ñl
úma,jfha m%;sM, jYfhka ìysjQ" mßirhg ydksodhl jk úúO l%shdlrlïj,g
wdfoaYlhla f,i j;aufkys foaYSh oekqu id¾:l f,i fhdod .efka' fi!LH ms<sn|
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfïoSo" YÍrhg fkdfhl=;a wys;lr n,mEï we;slrkq ,nk ngysr
ffjoH l%uhkag wdfoaYlhla jYfhka fhdod.kq ,nkafka lsisÿ ndysr Wmøjhlska f;drj
frda. ksjdrKh lrkq ,nk wdhq¾fõoh jeks foaYSh oekqu ñY% jQ ffjoH l%uhkah' fï
wkqj foaYSh oekqu merKs jk w;r th kùlrKh jQ iudchg fkd.e,fmk nj;a"
j¾;udkfha tys jákdlula fkdue;s njg;a we;s úYajdihka meyeos<s ñ;Hdjla nj m%lg
fõ'
.%dóh
ÿ.S ck;djg iy kQ.;a mrmqrg wh;a jQ oekqula jYfhka foaYSh oekqu tla;rd ck
fldgilg iSud lsÍulao j¾;udkfhaoS olakg ,efí' fuu oekqu mdrïmßl .eñ ckhd úiska
ìysl< nj ienEh' kuq;a th Tjqkagu muKla fhda.H Tjqkau muKla Ndú;d l< hq;=
oekqula jYfhka kï lsÍu ;d¾lsl fkdfõ' fuh .%dóh ÿ.S ck;dj w;r mj;sk f;la n,rys;h'
fï i|yd úoaj;=kaf.a ueosy;aùu hgf;a lsishï ixúOdkql+, W;aidyhla yryd fuu oekqu
n,iïmkak lsÍula wjYHh' tA wkqj m¾fhaIlhka úiska fuu oekqï moaO;Ska wOHkhg ,lalr"
tu m¾fhaIKhkays m%;sM, u; id¾:l foaYSh oekqï fldgia Ndú;hg .; yels fõ'
foaYSh
oekqu YsIag m%cdj úiska Ndú;hg fkd.kakd njg;a" th .=Kd;aul núka wvquÜgul
nj;sk nj;a fndfyda fofkl= i;=j we;s u;hls' kuq;a j¾;udkfha mdrïmßlj mej; tk
merKs jÜfgdare wkqidrfhka ilialrk ,o wdf,amk j¾." fnfy;a j¾. f,dj mqrd
jHdma;j mj;S' tfiau tu ksIamdokhka ngysr rdcHhkays" ngysr ksIamdok iu.
;r.ldÍj Ndú;fha mj;S' fuh foaYSh oekqu YsIaG m%cdj úiska Ndú;hg fkd.kakd njg
we;s u;fha idjoH nj ;yjqrejk tla wjia:djla muKs'
foaYSh
oekqu iy Tjqka ta i|yd fhdod.;a ;dCIKh lsisúfgl jdKsc wruqKq m%uqL fldg.;a;la
fkdùh' tys jQfha ;u ffoksl cSú;h id¾:lj mj;ajdf.k hdug wjeis jQ oekquls'
tfyhska fuu oekqu ìysl< me/Kakka tys .=Kd;aul nj flfrys úfYaIfhka
ie,ls<su;a úh' lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j,oS .=Kd;aul fNda. ,nd.ekSug;a" foaYSh
ffjoH l%uj,oS w;=re wdndO j,ska f;drj frda.shd iqjm;a lsÍug;a hkdoS jYfhka iEu
lafIa;%hloSu .=Kd;aul nj by<skau iq/lSu;a isÿúh' j¾;udkfhao tu oekqu Ndú;h
yryd tu .=Kd;aul nj ,nd.;yels fõ' tfyhska foaYSh oekqu .=Kd;aul núka wvq nj
mejiSuo ñ;Hdjlau muKla fõ'
foaYSh
oekqu iy tA i|yd fhdod .ekqKq ;dCIKh jdKsc wruqKq fmrgq lr.;a;la fkdjQjo tys
jdKscuh jákdlula fkdue;snj mejiSu idOdrK fkdfõ' ;udf.a fyda ;u mrmqfrys iudcfha
Ndú;h Wfoid fhdod.;a tu foaYSh oekqï iïm%odhkays jdKscuh jákdlu ms<sn|
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug tu hq.fha úiQ ck;djg wjeis fkdùh' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha by<
.=Kd;aul núka hqla; jQ m%;sM,hla w;aúoSugh' tjka ;;ajhla hgf;a ìysjk NdKav yd
fiajdjka" .=Kd;aul núka wvq jdKscuh mrud¾: muKla idOkh lr.ekSug ksIamdokh
lrk øjHhlg fyda fiajdjlg idfmaCIj" by< .=Kd;aul núka hq;a NdKav yd
fiajd w.hk fj<|fmd, ;=< ia:djrjkq fkdwkqudkh'
j¾;udkh
jkúg ld¾ñl úma,jh" ck.ykfha iS>% j¾Okh jeks lreKq fya;= fldgf.k mßirh
fõ.fhka úkdY fjñka mj;S' tjeks ;;ajhla u; fï jkúg fndfyda rgj,a mßir ys;ldó
l%ufõohka w;ayod ne,Su wdrïNlr ;sfí' foaYSh oekquo fndfydaúg mßir ys;ldó
,CIKhkaf.ka hqla; fõ' tfyhska j¾;udkfha fndfyda lafIa;% i|yd foaYSh oekqu
Ndú;hg W;aiy lrkq olakg ,efí' tfiau foaYSh oekqfï ia:dmkh fya;=fldgf.k foaYSh
oekqu úkdYùula isÿfkdùh' Y%S ,xldj iïnkaOfhka .;al<o" f.da;%sl ck
fldgila jk jeos ckhd Tjqka i;= foaYSh oekqu ;jÿrg;a ;u ffoksl lghq;= i|yd
Wmfhda.S lr.kS' f.da;%sl ck;dj muKla fkdj" idudkH .eñ ck;djo foaYSh oekqu
Ndú;h muKla fkdj Tjqkaf.a m<mqreoao yd w;ayodne,Sï yryd foaYSh oekqu
W;amdokh lsÍu j¾;udkfhaoS jqjo oel.; yelsfõ' tfyhska foaYSh oekqu hkq keiS hñka
mj;sk oekqula hk u;ho ksjeros fkdfõ'
fï wkqj
.;al< Y%S ,xldfõ foaYSh oekqu iïnkaOfhka mj;sk fndfyda úreoaO u; ksis
úpdrhlska f;drj isÿlrkq ,nk ñ;Hdu; muKlau nj meyeos<s fõ'
ks.ukh
oS¾>
b;sydihla mj;sk rgla jYfhka Y%S ,dxlsl ck;dj i;=j úYd, oekqï iïNdrhla mj;S' kuq;a
th hï msßilg iSud ùu;a" jdKsclrKhg ,lajQ iudch ;=< W.;=ka hehs iïu;
msßi w;r wj{djg ,laùu;a oel.; yelsh' kuq;a" nqoaêu;a msßilf.a
ueosy;aùfuka" ixúOdk.; l%shdj,shla yryd" fuu ñ;Hd u; neyer lr"
foaYSh oekqï moaO;Ska ms<sn| m¾fhaIKd;aul úuiSula isÿlr" ksis mßos tu
oekqu f,dal ck;djf.a iqN isoaêh i|yd Ndú;hg .ekSfï m%n, yelshdjla mj;S'
wdY%s; uQ,dY%
01&' we|.u" mKavq, ^2003&" fy< u.
úis;=re" fldu¾I,a nexl=j" fld<U'
02&'
W,a¨úiafyajd" frdayK ^1996&" ixj¾Okh mßirh yd foaYSh oekqu"
foaYSh oekqu ms<sn| YS%
,xld iïm;a uOHia:dkh" kqf.af.dv'
03&' W,a¨úiafyajd" frdayK ^2006&" foaYSh
oekqu úoHdj yd ;dCIKh" uqr., iÕrdj' 14 ^6& ms'24-29
04&' ly|.uf.a" mshfiak ^1992&" os.d
uvq¨ ck jyr" f.dvf.a" fld<U'
05&' .=Kj¾Ok" m%sYdka; ^2004&" mqrdK.u"
iuka;s m%ldYlfhda" cd-we,'
06&' okkaiQßh" cskodi ^2002&" ckY%e;s
wOHhk" f.dvf.a" fld<U'
07&' fn%daysh¾" wd¾' t,a' ^2002&" fn%daysh¾
yÿkd.;a ,xldj" iQßh m%ldYlfhda" fld<U'
08&'
ueojej" tia' ^1994&" Y%S ,dxlsl foaYSh {dkh yd ffcj úúO;ajh"
fidnd mßir m%ldYkh' 5
^1&" ms' 50-52'
09&'
rKisxy" mshodi ^2006&" Y%S ,xldfõ foaYSh oekqu tys iajNdjh yd
ixj¾Okh" úoHd¾Ó" ixia'
rKisxy" mshodi" le,Ksh
úYajúoHd,h" le,Ksh" ms' 134-143'
10&'
úfcaiQßh" tia' ^1997&" Y%S ,xldfõ idïm%odhsl cSjk rgd ck jyr"
iyNd.S;aj ixj¾Ok
m¾Ioh" fldaÜfÜ'
11&' úfcaisxy"
mS' wd¾' tÉ' ^1978&" Wvrg mjq, fyak iy wd¾Ólh" l¾;D"
fudrgqj'
12&'
úl%uisxy" úu,a ^1994&" foaYSh oekqu yd m%j¾;kSh ixj¾Okh"
fidnd mßir m%ldYkh' 5 ^1&"
ms'1-3'
13&' ùrisxy"
wurodi ^1986&" isxy, ckY%e;sh yeoEÍu" l¾;D" kqf.af.dv'
14&' Feather,J. &
Stuged,P. (1997), International Encyclopedia of Information & Library
Science, Routledge, London.
15&' Gove,P.B.
(1961), Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English Language,
P.B.Gove,
London.
16&' Granier, Louise (1998),
Working with Indigenous Knowledge:A Guide for Researchers,
IDREC, Ottawa.
17&' The Oxford
English Dictionary
(1989), 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
oekqu iy foaYSh
oekqu ( oekqu ixl,amh ;=< foaYSh oekqfï iqúfYaIs;d ms<sn| Y%S ,xldfõ
foaYSh oekqu wdY%fhka isÿlrk ú.%yhla
jhs'tA'ksYdka; hdmd wfíj¾Ok
iyldr lÓldpd¾h" mqia;ld, yd ú{dmk
úoHd wOHhkdxYh
le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
ixfCIamh
j;auka iudch
;=< oekqu kue;s ixl,amhg ,eî we;af;a mq¿,a wjldYhls' oekqu ,nd.ekSu iy
,ndoSu i|yd we;s udOHhkao fndfyda h' tjka iudchla ;=< idïm%odhslj" ;u
iudch ;=<skau ñksidf.a Wmf;a isg ksrka;rfhka ,nd.kakd foaYSh oekqu w;sYhskau
jeo.;a jQjls' wod< iudcfha meje;aug tu foaYSh oekqfuka ,efnkakd jQ fufyh
úYd, fõ' kuq;a j;auka iudch ;=< úúO ndysr n,mEï fya;=fldgf.k fuu foaYSh
oekqu úfgl uq¨ukskau neyer lsÍula olakg ,efí' kuq;a th ldf,daÑ; fkdfõ'
fuysoS" oekqu kï mq¿,a ixl,amh ms<sn|j;a ta ;=< foaYSh oekqfï m%Njh"
iajNdjh" yd úldYh ms<sn|j;a" YS% ,xldfõ foaYSh oekqu ms<sn|
wjOdkh fhduqlrñka tys iqúfYAIs;d ms<sn|j;a" fmdÿfõ foaYSh oekqu
moaO;shla /l.ekSfï jeo.;alu ms<sn|j;a wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'
oekqu
oekqu hkq w;sYhskau mq¿,a jQ ixl,amhls' udkj
YsIAgdpdrfha wdrïNfha isgu ñksid tosfkod lghq;= ioyd fhdod.;af;a ;u iudch
;=<skau ckkh lr.kakd ,o oekqula nj olakg ,efí' mßirh iy fidndoyu iu.
.efgñka" wr., lrñka" wNsfhda. ch.ksñka ish cSjh mj;ajdf.k hdfïoS
ñksid th id¾:lj Ndú;hg f.k we;' fuu oekqu úúOdldrfhka ;u mßirh Tiafia ñksid
,nd.kakd w;aoelSï" wjfndaOh" l=i,;d" wdl,am" isß;a
úß;a" .;s mej;=ï" iïm%odhka" úYajdihka hkdoS ish,af,ysu tl;=j
jYfhka oelaúh yel'
ffokslj
f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSug reÑl;ajhla oelaùu ñksia iajNdjhls' tu.ska wjg mßirh
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug yelssùu fï i|yd fya;= fõ' fuf,i ,nd.kakd
f;dr;=re ñksidg lsisjla jgyd .ekSug WmldÍ fõ kï th oekqu fõ' ta wkqj
mqoa.,fhl=f.a Wmf;a isg cSú;h mj;ajdf.k hdfïoS úúO l%u u.ska ,nd.kakd iuia;
ú{dk moaO;sh oekqu f,i yeoskaúh yel'
oekqu
fyj;a {dkh ms<sn|j ìysù we;s ks¾jpk fndfydah' Tlaia*¾â bx.%Sis Yío fldaIhg
wkqj" mqoa.,fhla ish w;aoelSï iy wjfndaOh yryd ,nd.kakd lreKq"
f;dr;=re" wjfndaOh iy l=i,;d oekqu fõ (Oxford English
Dictionary,1989)' fjíiag¾ Yío
fldaIh" oekqu hkq f;dr;=rej, ixúOdkd;aul jHqyh jk w;r th mqoa.,fhla ;u
w;aoelSï u.ska ióm lr.kakd jQ ish¿ foa jYfhka w¾: olajd we; (Gove,1961). frda,sx.a tAx.,a (Rolling Engle)g wkqj ukig wh;a wx.hla jk oekqu fohdldrhlska yg.kS' weiSug"
ne,Sug fyda iam¾Y lsÍug fkdyels oekqu fndfydaúg lsishï ixialD;shlg fyda iudchlg
iqúfYaIS jQ fohla f,i ú.%y lrk w;r th lDIsl¾uh" fi!LH" wdydr iemhSu"
wOHdmkh" mßir ixrCIKh iy fjk;a lghq;= iuqodhlg moku ù we;s nj oelajd we; ^W,a¨úiafyajd"
2006&' oekqu ks¾jpkh lrkq ,nk mqia;ld, yd ú{dmk úoHdj ms<sn| cd;Hka;r
úYajfldaIh" oekqu hkq wNsm%dhdkql+,j m%fhdackhg .;yels" ñksid úiska
;u uki ;=< we.hSu iy ixúOdkhlr ;nd.kakd ,o f;dr;=re jYfhka olajd ;sfí (International
Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science,1997)'
fuu
ish¿ w¾: oelaùïj,g wkqj meyeos<s jkafka oekqu hkq udkjhd úiska úúOdldrfhka
/ialr.kakd ,ÿj" Tyq i;=j mj;akd ish¿u wdldrfha f;dr;=re" wjfndaOh yd
l=i,;d we;=¿ ú{dk moaO;sh jYfhks'
oekqu j¾.lsÍu
oekqu hkq fnod oelaúh yels ixl,amhla fkdfõ' iDcqju m%ldY
l<fyd;a th foaYSh oekqu" ;d¾lsl oekqu" úoHd;aul oekqu jYfhka
meyeos<s f,i f.dkql< fkdyel' ukao" oekqu hkq udkj cSúhd úiska
ixrCIKh lrk,o iuia; woyia iuQyh jk neúks' kuq;a wOHkfha myiqj i|yd iy iajrEmh
wkqj oekqu m%Odk fldgia follg fnod olajd we;'
1&' foaYSh
oekqu fyj;a idïm%odhsl oekqu
2&'
úoHd;aul oekqu fyj;a ;d¾lsl oekqu ^rKisxy"2006&
by;
i|yka j¾.lsÍug wkqj foaYSh oekqu fyj;a idïm%odhsl oekqu" iïm%odh"
wêldÍ;ajh jeks m%Odk oekqï m%Njhkaf.ka Wmoskakls' tfiau" fuh mdrïmßlj mej;
tk njla o olakg yel'
úoHd;aul
fyj;a ;d¾lsl oekqfuys ia:djr njla oel.; fkdyel' ukao" j¾;udkfha f;dr;=re
;dCIKh yd ine|s ixl,am iu. kj oekqu W;amdokh ùu ksrka;rfhka isÿùu;a" tA
iu. mj;sk oekqu kùlrKh ùu" m%;sfCIAm ùu" jeä oshqKq ùu" iy h,a
mekhdu isÿjk neúks'
oekqfuys ,CIK
iuia;hla f,i .;al< ´kEu jljdkqjl mj;sk oekqfuys uQ,sl
,CIK ;=kla oel.; yel'
1&' okakd
jQ mod¾: ixLHdj iSñ;h'
2&'
fkdokakd jQ mod¾: ixLHdj wiSñ;h'
3&' wod<
wjia:dfõ fkdoek isák mod¾:hka wkd.;fhaoS l,ska l,g oek.; yelsh (Grenier,1998) '
oekqu
ms<sn| by; .;s ,CIK oelaùu wkqj meyeos<sjkafka f,dalfha lsisu ia:dkhl"
lsisjl= i;=j" mßmQ¾K jQ oekqula fkdue;s njhs'
oekqu ,nd.ekSu
oekqu ,nd.ekSu fyj;a w;am;a lr.ekSu ioyd úúO ud¾. olakg
,efí' tA w;ßka m%Odk uQ,hka yhla my; mßos oelaúh yel'
1&'
wêldÍ;ajh
2&' iïm%odh
3&' bkaøSh
ixcdkkh
4&' ;¾lkh
5&' iyc
{dkh
6&' Okd;aul
Ñka;kh iy úoHd;aul oekqu
wêldÍ;ajh
hkq wka whf.a lghq;= iy p¾hdjka flfrys n,mEula we;s lsÍug yels oekqu uQ,hls'
úfYaIfhkau wêldÍ;ajh yryd ñksidg ie,lshhq;= uÜgfï oekqula Wreu jYfhkao ,eî ;sfí'
fuu.ska ,efnk oekqfuys m%Odk ,CIKhla jkafka ckhd fuu oekqu jeä újdohlska f;drj
ms<s.ekSu fõ' jeäysáhka úiska" wd.ñl kdhlhka úiska bosßm;alrk oekqu wêldÍ;ajhg
wh;a fõ'
wêldß;ajhg
iudkj iïm%odh u.skao ñksid úYd, oekqula mdrïmßlj Wreulr.kq ,efí' ulaksidoh;a"
iïm%odh kue;s uQ,h yryd ,nk oekqu mrmqfrka mrmqrg .,dhkakla jk neúks' ´kEu
m%foaYhl cSj;ajk ck fldgila Tjqka i;= oekqu wkd.; mrmqrg odhdo lrhs' we;eïúg
jdÑlj fyda ,sÅ;j wkd.; mrmqrg fuu oekqu Wreuúh yel' l%ufõoh l=ula jqjo th
idïm%odhslj Wreu lrkq ,nk oekquls'
bkaøSh
ixcdkkh yrydo f,dj mqrd úúO mqoa.,hka úúO wdldrfha oekqu fldgia wkdjrKh lrf.k
;ssfí' fuh mqoa.,noaO jk w;r tksidu tys úúO;Ajhlao oel.; yel'
;¾lkh
kue;s uQ,ho kQ;k oekqu moaO;sh Yla;su;a lsÍug m%n, fufyhla bgq lrkq ,nkakls'
ñksid i;=kaf.ka fjkia jkafka Tyqg by< uÜgul nqoaêhla iajNdjfhkau msysgd we;s
neúks' tfyhska ;ud okakd lreKq ms<sn|j ;¾ldkql+,j is; fufyhùfuka kj oekqï
iïNdrhla ìyslsÍug ñksid iu;a fõ'
iyc
{dkh iy iïfm%aCIKho jeo.;a oekqu uQ,dY%hls' kùk úoHdj ;=< uQ,sl kHdhka
ìysùug iy tu kHdhkays j¾Okhg fuu.ska ,eî we;af;a m%n, odhl;ajhls'
fï
wdldrhg .;al< mqoa.,fhla ish cSú;h mj;ajdf.k hdfïoS úúOdldr wjYH;d Wfoid
fkdfhla l%u u.ska ,nd.kakd iuia; ú{dk moaO;sh jk oekqu fmdÿ ixl,amhla jqjo"
tys ,CIK wkqj" Wlyd.kq ,nk uQ,h wkqj" uQ,sl jYfhka fldgia lsÍulg ,la
l<yels nj meyeos<s fõ' tA wkqj" by; i|yka l< wdldrhg" tu
fnod oelaùu ;=< iqúfYaIS ia:dkhla ysñjkakla f,i foaYSh oekqu oelaúh yel'
foaYSh oekqu
foaYSh oekqu hk mofha w¾:h" lsishï m%foaYhlg iy tys
fjfikakkag iajNdjfhkau Wreu jQ oekqu hkakhs (Oxford English
Dictionary,1989)' fï wkqj foaYSh
oekqu hkq" ksYAÑ; N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhlg wdfõKsl jQ oekqu moaO;shla jYfhka
fyda iajfoaYsl oekqula jYfhka w¾: oelaúh yel' th wod< ixialD;shg iy iudchg
iqúfYaIS jQjls' fuu oekqu úYajúoHd, m¾fhaIK wdh;k jeks úoaj;a wdh;kj,ska
ieÿï,;a cd;Hka;r moaO;sh ;=< ckkh jk oekqug jvd meyeos<s fjkilska hqla;
fõ ^rKisxy"2006&'
fï
wdldrhg oekqu hk mq¿,a ixl,amhg idfmaCIj lsishï iqúfYaIS njla Wiq,kq ,nk foaYSh
oekqu mrmqfrka mrmqrg úldYkh ùfïoS uQ,slj lgjyfrkao" w,am jYfhka ,sÅ;jo
mej; tkakla nj olakg ,efí' tfiau fuu oekqu yryd Tjqka ;u lDIsl¾udka; lghq;"=
mßir l<ukdlrKh" wdydr" fi!LH wdoS ffoksl lghq;= iïnkaOfhka ;SrK
.ekSula isÿfõ'
foaYSh
oekqu ú.%y lrkq ,nk f.a%ksh¾ olajk mßos foaYSh oekqu hkq" lsishï N+f.da,Sh
m%foaYhlg wdfõKsl jQ .eyeKqka yd ñksiqka úiska úfYaIs; ;;ajhka hgf;a ixj¾Okh
lrk ,o flaj, jQ;a idïm%odhsjQ;a m%dfoaYShjQ;a oekqu fõ (Grenier,1998)' fï w;r foaYSh oekqu
hkq ksYaÑ; iudchl fmdÿ ck;djf.a iudc ú{dkh f,io we;euqka úiska yÿkajdoS ;sfí'
tu.ska Tjqkaf.a ffoksl cSú;fha wjYH;djhka yd Wjukdjka ksrEmkh flfrk nj;a"
ñksiqkaf.a ixfõoS w;aoelSï" woyia" wdl,am" úúO oDIaáfldaK"
úYajdi" ixl,am" kHdhhka" úksYaphka wdoS iuia;fha tl;=jla nj;a
olajd we; ^ùrisxy"1986&'
foaYSh oekqu i;= úfYaI ,CIK
ljr uÜgfï oekqul jqjo uQ, îch jkafka ksYaÑ; N+f.da,Sh
m%foaYhl cSj;ajk ck fldÜGdYhla fõ' Tjqka tu m%foaYfha foaYSh ck;dj kï fõ'
YsIagdpdrhla úldYkh ùfïoS fuu ck fldgia úiska ksmojk ,o oekqu foaYSh oekqu
jYfhka i|yka l<yel' tkï" fidnd oyfï iy lD;su iudcfha wNsfhda.hkag
ñksiqka uqyqKoSfïoS ,nkakd jQ ffoksl w;aoelSï ;=<ska foaYSh oekqu ìysfõ' bka
úYd, m%udKhla f,aLk .;ù fkdue;' wd¾Ól lghq;=" fi!LH yd fmdaIKh"
iudcSh p¾hd" wd.ñl yd wdOHd;añl Ñska;k" W;aij" ckl;d" ck .S"
úúsO ixialD;sldx.hka ;=< fuu oekqu wka;¾.;ù we;snjla yÿkd.; yel ^W,a¨úiafyajd"2006&'
fï wkqj foaYSh oekqu hkq" úoHd{hka úiska úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK u.ska ,ndfok
,oaola fkdj" wod< m%foaYfha ck;dj úiska wjqreÿ oyia .Kkla ;=< úúO
lafIa;%hkays ;u w;aoelSï u.ska ,nd.kakd ,oaola nj uekúka m%lg fõ'
foaYSh
oekqu iu. wúfhdackSh iïnkaOhla mj;skakla jYfhka ixialD;sh ye|skaúh yel' ixialD;sh
hkq udkj iudcfha idudcslfhl= w;am;a lr.kakd oekqu" úYajdi" l,djka"
kS;s Í;s" j;a ms<sfj;a iy fjk;a yelshdjka ish,a, we;=<;a ixlS¾K jQ
tl;=jla fõ' foaYSh oekqu úldYkh jQ úg úúO iajrEmfhka th ixialD;sh ;=<
;ekam;a jk w;r th ck fldgil wkkH;djh" wdOHd;añl yd wd.ñl úYajdi fmrgq
fldg.;a ixialD;sh iu. iïnkaOj mj;S' tA wkqj foaYSh oekqu lsishï ixialD;shlg
fyda iudchlg lreKq imhk moku o fõ ^úl%uisxy"1994&'
by;
i|yka wdldrhg ;ekam;ajk foaYSh oekqu fndfydaúg ixrCIKh jkafkao lsishï
ixialD;shla ;=<u fõ' th ndysr ixialD;Skaf.ka Wlyd .kakd oekqï iïNdrhkaf.ka
iy ck iudcfha ìysjk kj oekqfukao fmdaIKh fjñka mj;S' tfukau foaYSh oekqu
moaO;shla wod< ck iuQyfha ixialD;sh ;=< mj;sk f;la wdrCIdjk w;r ixialD;sh
fjkia ùfïoS fjkia ùu;a" úkdY ùfïoS úkdY ùu;a isÿfõ ^W,a¨úiafyajd"2006&'
fï wdldrhg .;al< foaYSh oekqu hkq" úúsO mßirhka" iudc lKavdhï yd
ixialD;Skag wkql+,j fjkiajkaklao fõ'
foaYSh
oekqu mßirh ch .ekSug fkdj mßirhg wkqj" mrsirh iu. iycSjkfhka hq;=j lghq;=
lsÍu ioyd f.dvk.k ,oaols' tfyhska foaYSh oekqu f.dvk.kakjqka m%mxphka w;r
iïnkaO;d yÿkd.ekSfuka muKla fndfydaúg iEySulg m;aúh' tuksid foaYSh oekqu yd
;dCIKh fndfydaúg mßir ys;ldó fõ'
fï
wkqj foaYSh oekqu ú.%y lsÍfïoS u;=jk m%Odk ,CIK my; whqßka ixCIsma;j oelaúh yel'
1&' ,sÅ;j
wdrCIdlr ;eîu wjuh'
2&' uQ,slj
lg jyfrka mej; tk oekquls'
3&' ksYaÑ;
N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhl cSj;ajk ck fldgila uQ, îch fõ'
4&' ixialD;sh
iu. wúfhdackShj neoS mj;S'
5&'
ixialD;sh ;=< ixrCIKh fõ'
6&'
ixialD;sh ;=< fmdaIKh fõ'
7&' mßir
ys;ldó fõ'
8&'
w;aoelSï u; mokïj f.dvkef.a'
9&' úúO
mßirhka iudc lKavdhï yd ixialD;Skag wkql+,j fjkia fõ'
10&'
idïm%odhsl fõ'
by;
wdldrhg foaYSh oekqu i;= ,CIK oelajqjo" úúO l,dmhkag wkqj" rgj,aj,g
wkqj" oekqu fuka fkdj foaYSh oekqu kï ixl,amfha ìysùu" ms<s.ekSu"
Ndú;h" tA yd iïnkaO u;jdo úúO uÜgïj,ska hqla;h' Y%S ,xldfõ foaYSh oekqu
ms<sn| wOHkh fï i|yd losu kso¾Ykhls'
Y%S ,xldfõ foaYSh oekqu
Y%S
,xldfõ foaYSh oekqu ms<sn|j i|yka lsÍfïoS" th fndfydaúg ,xldfõ mqrdK
f.%da;%sl ck fldgia yd m%d:ñl .%dóh ck fldgia úiska ìyslrk ,o oekqfuys ñY%Khla
jYfhka ye|skaúh yel ^rKisxy"2006&' tA wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ foaYSh oekqu
ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduqlsÍfïoS m%Odk ck fldÜGdY folla ms<sn| wjOdkh
fhduql< hq;= fõ'
1&'
f.da;%sl ck fldgia
w&'
jeos ck;dj
wd&'
frdã ck;dj
2&' idudkH
.eñ ck;dj
fuhska f.%da;%sl ck;dj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍfïoS jeos ck;djg ,efnkqfha m%uqL ia:dkhls' Tjqka mdrïmrslj ;ukaf.a .;s
mej;=ï" pdï isß;a úrs;a j,g yd úYajdihkag iSudlr ;sîula oel.; yels w;r
Tjqka ksrka;rfhkau tla kdhlfhl= ms<sn| úYajdih ;eîh' tla kdhlfhl= cSj;aj
isák f;la Tjqka wkq.ukh l< isß;a úß;aj, ysñlreo" m%Odkshdo"
ú.%dylhdo jQfha tu kdhlhdh' jkfha cSj;ajQ fuu ck;djf.a oekqu fmdaIKh jQfha
Tjqka wjg wikakg" olskakg ,enqkq .iaje,a" i;=ka we;=¿ úúOdldr jia;+ka
uq,alr f.kh' Tjqkag ,enqkq oekqug wu;rj w;aoelSï iuqodhla úh' fï ish,a,u
Tjqkaf.a cSúldj" isß;a úrs;a" weoys,s hk oE u.ska yev.iajk,o tAjd úh'
Tjqkag ;ukaf.a ksï j<¨ is| ì| hdug wjYH;djhla fkdùh' kuq;a tjeks ;;a;ajhla
hgf;a jqjo fuu f.da;%sl ck fldgia úiska Y%S ,dxlSh foaYSh oekqug úúO wxY yryd
úYd, oekqï iïNdrhla tlalr ;sfí' i;a;aj ksIamdok" wdydr weiqreu"
l,a;nd.ekSu" uiqka fnda lsÍu iy c, iïmdok l%u fï w;ßka lsysmhls'
f.da;%sl
ck fldÜGdY w;r fmdfydi;a foaYSh oekqï moaO;shla ysñ ;j;a ck fldgila jk frdã
ck;dj" cSjk rgdj" iudc ixialD;sl ,CIK hkdosfhka meye|s<s fjkila
olakg ,efnk ck fldgils' fuu ck;dj i;=jo wdydr" fjolu" l¾udka; fmrgq
lr.;a id¾:l foaYSh oekqï moaO;shla ;sfnk nj j¾;udkfhaoS jqjo oel.; yel'
f.da;%sl
ck;dj muKla fkdj" w;S;fha idudkH .eñ ck;djo Tjqkaf.a tosfkod cSjk lghq;=
i|yd fhdod.kq ,enqfõ foaYSh oekqu fõ' m%Odk cSjfkdamdh jQ lDIsl¾udka;h i|yd
Tjqka iïmQ¾Kfhkau fhdod.;af;a ;ud i;= tu foaYSh oekquh' tA wkqj idïm%odhsl
WmlrK fhdod.ksñka" foaYSh fmdfydr Ndú; lrñka" Ys,amSh l%u wdY%fhka"
wd.udkql+,j ;u ld¾hfhys ksr; ùfuka iajhxfmdaIs; .ïudk ìyslsÍug Tjqkag yelsúh'
lDIsl¾udka;hg
wu;rj fndfyda l¾udka; w;S;fha isgu YS% ,xldfõ mej;=ks' mdrïmßlj mej;f.k tk
wdldrhg ;u l=,hg ysñ /lshdj" cSjfkdamdh f,i lrf.k hdfïoS Tjqka fuu
idïm%odhsl oekqu id¾:lj fhdod.;a nj wkdjrKh fõ'
fï
wdldrhg" Y%S ,xldj ;=< foaYSh oekqfï ìysùSug fukau Ndú;hgo foaYSh cSjk
l%ufha iqúfYAIS ,CIKhka fya;= ù we;s njla oel.; yel' iajNdúl mßirh yd neoS
mj;sk iaÒridr Ndjh fï w;ßka uq,a ;ekla .kS' foaYSh ck;dj ;uka wjg we;s .iaje,a"
c,h" i;=ka" foaY.=Kh m%fhdackhg .;af;a tA ms<sn| Tjqka i;=jQ oekqu
Wmfhda.S lrf.k tu iïm;a ySk fkdjk wdldrhgh ^ueojej"1998&'
YS%
,xldj i;=jQ foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajh iy mdßißl jd;djrKho foaYSh oekqfï j¾Okhg fnfyúka
n,md ;sfnk njla olakg ,efí' foaYSh ffjoH l%uh fï i|yd losu kso¾Ykhls' w;S;fha
w;sYhska m%p,s; jQ foaYSh ffjoH l%uh" foaYSh T!IO fhdod.ksñka tu iudcfha
ckhdf.a fndfyda f,v frda. iqjm;a lrk ,oS' fï i|yd WmldÍ jQfha Y%S ,xldfõ
jkdka;r we;=¨ iajNdúl mßirh fõ' furg
foaYSh jDCI ,;d j,ska ishhg wkQjlau T!Iëh jákdlula we;s tAjd nj m¾fhaIK u.ska
ikd: ù we; ^ueojej"1998&' tA wkqj jákd T!IOhkaf.ka fmdaIs; jkdka;r
iys; fuu foaYSh mßir ;;a;ajh YS% ,xldfõ foaYSh oekqfuys j¾Okhg n,md we;s whqre
uekúka meyeos<s fõ'
foaYSh oekqfï wkd.;h
lsishï rgl foaYSh nj m%udKd;aul jYfhkao"
tA yd ine|s oelau wkqjo ld,dkqrEmSj fjkia fõ' nqÿ oyu Y%S ,xldjg meñKSug fmr
foaYSh oekqu" .iaje,a" c,h" wkaOldrh" wdf,dalh" br"
i| jeks iajNdjO¾ufha jia;+kag iSud úh' nqÿ oyfï n,mEu fya;=fldgf.k fuu
úYajdihka jvd;a ir< jQo" od¾Yksl jQo Ñka;khkag mßj¾;kh úh' miqld,Skj
foaYSh oekqu" ir< nj" lreKdj" ffu;%sh yd bjiSu jeks fn!oaO
O¾u;d u; mokï úh' fï wdldrhg foaYSh oekqu ld,dkql%ñlj fjkia fjñka mej;=kq w;r
j¾;udkfha foaYSh;ajh hkafkka woyia lrkafka fooyia jirlg fmr mej;s ;;a;ajhg
fndfyda fihska fjkia jQjls' iuia; b;sydih mqrdu foaYSh oekqfï mßKuh foi n,k úg
fmkShkafka th fjkiaùï rdYshl fm<.eiaula jQ njh' fuh YS% ,xldfõ foaYSh oekqug
fukau wfkl=;a rgj,go fmdÿjQ lreKla nj tu rgj, foaYSh oekqu ishqïj wOHkh lsÍfïoS
uekúka m%lg fõ'
fï
wdldrhg foaYSh oekqfï fjkiaùï fukau j¾;udkh jk úg tu oekqu flfuka wNdjhg hdulao
olakg yelsh' fï i|yd m%Odk jYfhka n,mdkq ,nk fya;= idOl oaú;ajhla fõ'
1&' kùk
;dCIKfha wd.ukh iu. j;auka mrmqr iEu
lghq;a;la i|ydu kùk l%u Ndú;h flfrys
jeä keUqre;djhla oelaùu
2&' foaYSh
oekqu yd iïnkaOj mj;sk ñ;Hd u; ^rKisxy"2006&
kùk
;dCIKfha wd.ukh;a iu. ld,h b;sß lr.ksñka jvd;a wdl¾IKSh iy myiq f,i ñksidf.a
lghq;= isÿlr .ekSug j¾;udkfha yelshdj ,eî we;' kuq;a tu kùk l%u u.ska ,efnk
w;=re m%;sM, we;eïúg whym;a ùugo we;s bvlv úYd,h' úfYaIfhkau T!IO" wdydr
jeksoE iïnkaOfhka .;al< tu.ska YÍrhg isÿjk wys;lr n,mEu ms<sn|j j¾;udkfha
f.dvke.S we;s l;sldj; iqNjdoS fkdfõ' tjka hq.hl idïm%odhslj fndfyda l,la mqrd
lsisÿ wys;lr n,mEulska f;drj ñksid Ndú;hg .;a foaYSh oekqu wdY%s; ksmehqïj, w.h
flfrys fujka wju ie,ls,a,la oelaùu m%{df.dapr fkdúh yel'
foaYSh
oekqu yd iïnkaO ñ;Hd u; ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfïoS" tu oekqu úoHdkql+,
fkdjk nj" .=ma; iy iel iys; jQjla nj" kùlrKh jQ iudchg fkd.e,fmk nj"
YsIag m%cdj úiska Ndõ;hg fkd.kakd nj" .=Kd;aul núka wvqnj" hkdoS
jYfhka ñ;Hdjka fndfyduhla mj;sk njla olakg ,efí' kuq;a fï ms<sn|j úu¾IKd;aulj
wOHkh lsÍfuka fmkS hkafka tu u; ish,a,u ñ;Hdjka muKlau jk njhs'
fï
wkqj foaYSh oekqu hkq fuf,i wfya;=lj wNdjhg hd hq;= oekqu moaO;shla fkdjk nj
meye|s<sh' fuysoS nqoaêu;a iudch úiska fuu oekqu wkd.;h fjkqfjka /l.ekSu
Wfoid lsishï úêu;a l%shdud¾.hla .;hq;=j mj;S' tA i|yd tu oekqï iïNdrh
ms<sn|j m¾fhaIKd;aul úuiSula isÿlr" Ndú;hg .;yels jákd oekqu fldgia f,daljdiS
m%cdjf.a Ndú;h Wfoid ixj¾Okh lrñka wdrCIdlr .;hq;= fõ'
wdY%s; uQ,dY%
01&' we|.u" mKavq, ^2003&" fy< u.
úis;=re" fldu¾I,a nexl=j" fld<U'
02&'
W,a¨úiafyajd" frdayK ^1996&" ixj¾Okh mßirh yd foaYSh oekqu"
foaYSh oekqu ms<sn| YS%
,xld iïm;a uOHia:dkh" kqf.af.dv'
03&' W,a¨úiafyajd" frdayK ^2006&" foaYSh
oekqu úoHdj yd ;dCIKh" uqr., iÕrdj' 14 ^6& ms'24-29
04&' ly|.uf.a" mshfiak ^1992&" os.d
uvq¨ ck jyr" f.dvf.a" fld<U'
05&' .=Kj¾Ok" m%sYdka; ^2004&" mqrdK.u"
iuka;s m%ldYlfhda" cd-we,'
06&' okkaiQßh" cskodi ^2002&" ckY%e;s
wOHhk" f.dvf.a" fld<U'
07&' fn%daysh¾" wd¾' t,a' ^2002&" fn%daysh¾
yÿkd.;a ,xldj" iQßh m%ldYlfhda" fld<U'
08&'
ueojej" tia' ^1994&" Y%S ,dxlsl foaYSh {dkh yd ffcj úúO;ajh"
fidnd mßir m%ldYkh' 5
^1&" ms' 50-52'
09&'
rKisxy" mshodi ^2006&" Y%S ,xldfõ foaYSh oekqu tys iajNdjh yd
ixj¾Okh" úoHd¾Ó" ixia'
rKisxy" mshodi" le,Ksh
úYajúoHd,h" le,Ksh" ms' 134-143'
10&'
úfcaiQßh" tia' ^1997&" Y%S ,xldfõ idïm%odhsl cSjk rgd ck jyr"
iyNd.S;aj ixj¾Ok
m¾Ioh" fldaÜfÜ'
11&' úfcaisxy"
mS' wd¾' tÉ' ^1978&" Wvrg mjq, fyak iy wd¾Ólh" l¾;D"
fudrgqj'
12&'
úl%uisxy" úu,a ^1994&" foaYSh oekqu yd m%j¾;kSh ixj¾Okh"
fidnd mßir m%ldYkh' 5 ^1&"
ms'1-3'
13&' ùrisxy"
wurodi ^1986&" isxy, ckY%e;sh yeoEÍu" l¾;D" kqf.af.dv'
14&' Feather,J. &
Stuged,P. (1997), International Encyclopedia of Information & Library
Science, Routledge, London.
15&' Gove,P.B.
(1961), Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English Language,
P.B.Gove,
London.
16&' Granier, Louise (1998),
Working with Indigenous Knowledge:A Guide for Researchers,
IDREC, Ottawa.
17&' The Oxford
English Dictionary
(1989), 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
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